SS-31 10mg: A mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide used to probe cardiolipin-dependent bioenergetics, electron transport efficiency, and mitochondrial membrane architecture.
$95.00
SS 31 also referenced in the literature as a mitochondria targeted tetrapeptide is a synthetic peptide engineered to associate with the inner mitochondrial membrane. It is supplied as a research grade material for laboratories studying mitochondrial bioenergetics oxidative stress mitochondrial structure and cell survival pathways.
SS 31 has high affinity for cardiolipin a phospholipid enriched in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Preclinical work indicates that binding of SS 31 to cardiolipin rich regions can influence inner membrane architecture promote curvature and support the assembly of respiratory chain supercomplexes in experimental systems. In multiple model systems SS 31 has been reported to modulate electron transport chain function with associated changes in mitochondrial respiration P over O coupling ATP synthesis electron leak and reactive oxygen species production. These studies suggest that SS 31 can be used as a tool compound to interrogate relationships among cardiolipin organization electron transfer efficiency redox status and mitochondrial structure.
This product is intended exclusively for in vitro experiments ex vivo preparations and other controlled laboratory research applications.
Typical uses include studies of mitochondrial respiration oxidative phosphorylation cristae morphology and mitochondrial signaling pathways in cell and tissue models.
It is not intended for human or veterinary use. It is not intended for diagnosis treatment cure prevention or mitigation of any disease or medical condition.
It is not a drug food dietary supplement cosmetic or medical device.
Synthetic mitochondria associated peptide suitable for cardiolipin and electron transport chain research Useful in studies of mitochondrial coupling efficiency ATP production and reactive oxygen species emission in aging and stress models Applicable in investigations of mitochondrial dynamics morphology muscle physiology and diaphragm or skeletal muscle function under disuse or inflammatory stress
SS 31 is a synthetic mitochondria targeted peptide that associates with cardiolipin rich domains in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
It is widely used in preclinical models to study electron transport chain efficiency mitochondrial structure oxidative stress and muscle physiology during aging and disuse.
The information below summarises how SS 31 has been applied as a tool compound in the scientific literature. All findings are model specific and do not constitute safety or efficacy claims for any clinical use.
A central focus of SS 31 research is its impact on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Preclinical studies report that SS 31 binding to cardiolipin enriched inner membranes can promote curvature and support assembly of respiratory supercomplexes in experimental systems. In aged skeletal muscle models SS 31 has been associated with rapid improvements in indices of mitochondrial function including oxidative phosphorylation rates P over O coupling and ATP synthesis capacity.
These changes occur on short time scales that argue for direct modulation of electron transfer efficiency rather than turnover of damaged mitochondrial components.
Researchers use SS 31 to probe how cardiolipin organization and its interaction with cytochrome c influence electron leak reactive oxygen species generation and coupling between oxygen consumption and ATP production.
SS 31 has been studied extensively in relation to inner mitochondrial membrane and cristae architecture. Electron microscopy data in aged animal models show age related disruption of cristae structure that has been examined before and after SS 31 exposure. In several reports treatment with SS 31 in older mice has been associated with more regular cristae morphology in cardiac and retinal pigment epithelium mitochondria compared with untreated age matched controls. These structural observations are linked to functional measurements of improved mitochondrial coupling and ATP production in the same models. This work positions SS 31 as a tool to explore how inner membrane lipid microdomains and cristae geometry support electron transport and bioenergetic capacity across tissues.
Skeletal muscle aging provides a major use case for SS 31 research. Older mice show declines in resting and maximal mitochondrial ATP production reduced P over O coupling and altered energy charge along with increased oxidative damage markers. In these models a single SS 31 treatment has been reported to restore mitochondrial energetics toward levels seen in much younger animals within a short time frame. Improved mitochondrial function has been associated with better fatigue resistance at the muscle level and increased whole body endurance in treadmill protocols after repeated dosing. Investigators monitor glutathione redox status mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide emission and markers of oxidative damage to link changes in redox environment with functional recovery of muscle energetics.
SS 31 has also been tested in models of disuse induced muscle atrophy including hindlimb suspension and limb casting.
These models show loss of mitochondria mitochondrial swelling increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation and impaired respiration along with activation of multiple proteolytic pathways. Studies report that SS 31 administration can prevent disuse associated declines in state 3 respiration and limit increases in mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide output. These effects have been linked to reduced activation of proteolytic systems including calpains caspase 3 proteasome activity and autophagy markers in immobilized muscles. SS 31 treated animals in these models show attenuation of muscle atrophy and preservation of contractile properties which makes the compound a valuable probe for studying mitochondrial oxidative stress as an upstream signal for muscle protein breakdown.
Mechanistic studies suggest that SS 31 may exert its effects in part through direct interaction with cardiolipin and modulation of the cardiolipin cytochrome c complex.
By optimizing the local heme environment SS 31 is proposed to support more efficient electron transfer and reduce electron leak in preclinical models. Research has also documented rapid shifts in glutathione redox status after SS 31 exposure including increases in free glutathione consistent with release of glutathione from protein adducts in aged muscle. These changes are accompanied by reduced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species emission providing a redox framework for the observed improvements in bioenergetics and muscle performance.
Across the literature SS 31 is commonly used in mitochondrial bioenergetics and oxidative phosphorylation studies cristae architecture and inner membrane structural research
skeletal muscle aging and endurance models disuse and immobilization induced muscle atrophy models diaphragm function studies in sepsis and mechanical ventilation
redox signaling and cardiolipin centered mechanistic work. In all these settings SS 31 serves as a mitochondria targeted tool compound to dissect links between structure electron transport redox balance and cell function.
All findings summarised here come from controlled in vitro experiments ex vivo preparations animal models and early phase clinical investigations. They are presented solely to inform qualified researchers about how SS 31 has been used to study mitochondrial and muscle biology. These observations do not demonstrate or imply that SS 31 is safe or effective for any human or veterinary indication. They are not dosing instructions medical advice or guidance for treatment of aging muscle weakness sepsis ventilator associated complications or any other condition. The SS 31 product offered is intended strictly for laboratory research applications.
It is not for human or veterinary use and must not be used for diagnosis treatment cure prevention or mitigation of any disease or condition.”
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This product is intended exclusively for in vitro experiments ex vivo preparations and other controlled laboratory research applications including animal studies conducted under appropriate oversight. Typical uses include cell culture assays biochemical experiments on copper binding and transport and investigations of extracellular matrix remodeling and tissue biology. It is not intended for human or veterinary use. It is not intended for diagnosis treatment cure prevention or mitigation of any disease or cosmetic condition. It is not a drug food dietary supplement cosmetic ingredient or medical device.”
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